SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) REGENERATION IN LATVIA: PATTERNS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS – A REVIEW

Abstract

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most widespread and economically significant conifer species in Europe, playing a critical role in the structure and function of forest ecosystems, including those in Latvia. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the regeneration dynamics of Scots pine in Latvia, identifies key ecological and silvicultural challenges, and outlines prospects for its sustainable management in the context of ongoing environmental change. Artificial regeneration remains the dominant method in forests managed for timber in Baltic States. However, successful both artificial and natural regeneration is increasingly constrained by factors such as climate change, competition from broadleaved species, herbivory pressure, and evolving forest management practices.

Maintaining genetic diversity - especially within marginal and isolated populations – is critical for Scots pine future resilience. Climate change adds complexity by altering seed production, germination, and seedling establishment, while anthropogenic pressures, such as land-use changes and intensive forestry, further threaten regeneration success. Improving regeneration outcomes requires integrating ecological and economic objectives. Adaptive silvicultural strategies, including site-specific thinning, shelter wood systems, and mixed-species planting, can support conifer species natural regeneration and enhance forest resilience. Conservation of genetic resources and attention to non-market ecosystem services - such as biodiversity and carbon sequestration - are also essential.

Scots pine is expected to remain one of the dominant species in Latvian forestry. However, its successful regeneration will depend on a multifaceted approach involving continued research, long-term monitoring, and climate-adaptive practices to ensure its sustainable management under changing environmental conditions.