EFFECT OF FOREST OPENING SIZE ON RED DEER (CERVUS ELAPHUS) BEHAVIOUR IN PUNIA FOREST

Abstract

Understanding the spatial behavior of red deer (Cervus elaphus) is crucial for sustainable wildlife and forest management, especially with growing population densities. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of forest gap size on red deer activity and behavior. Research was conducted in the Punia Forest using camera traps, yielding 350 independent events. Relative Abundance Indices (events per 100 camera days) were analyzed across four habitat classes: closed forests (A), small (B), medium (C) and large (D) gaps. The results revealed a relationship between habitat openness and deer activity. The highest relative activity occurred in small and medium forest gaps, while dense forests and large clear-cuts were utilized significantly less. Additionally, a distinct crepuscular activity pattern was observed across all habitats, with peaks at dawn and dusk. These findings suggest that red deer habitat selection is primarily driven by a trade-off between foraging opportunities and safety. Intermediate-sized gaps offer an optimal balance of abundant food resources and immediate protective cover. The study concludes that maintaining a mosaic of moderately sized forest openings is vital for mitigation disturbance risks and ensuring the stable, sustainable management of red deer populations.