FROM ROAD TO RAIL: ROAD-RAIL INTERACTION IN INTERMODAL TERMINALS

Abstract

The article examines the concepts of intermodal transport, as well as the role and importance of road and rail transport interaction in intermodal terminals, in order to reveal the main challenges and opportunities of rail and road interaction in optimizing freight movement. The aim of the study is to identify the main challenges and opportunities of rail and road transport interaction in intermodal terminals and to substantiate theoretical directions for improving terminal operations. The research method is the analysis of scientific literature. Theoretical sources emphasize that terminal efficiency becomes lower when road transport arrival flows, rail transport schedules, and terminal resources are managed separately. Properly managed intermodal terminals ensure smooth integration of road and rail transport, optimize freight flows, and contribute to the reduction of CO₂ emissions; however, limited infrastructure and schedule instability reduce terminal efficiency. The findings help to better understand which factors determine the effectiveness of an intermodal terminal and which directions could contribute to a more efficient and sustainabl organization of its operations.