Competence modelling from the perspective of complex systems theories: a systematic literature review

Abstract

This study aims to comprehend how competence can be conceptualised and modelled from the perspective of complex systems theories in a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous world. Having systematically reviewed 21 studies, this research reveals aspects of complex systems in competence development research as well as introduces ways to define competence as a complex system. It also sheds light on the variety of complexity-informed models adopted for competence development research.