Rural Development: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference

Title Pages of Conference Proceedings

Judita Černiauskienė — 2026-01-29

eISSN 2345–0916, ISSN 1822–3230, DOI 10.15544/RD
First Published: 2003–
Frequency: Once per 2 years
Languages: English
Subjects: Agro-innovations and Food Technologies, Biosystems Engineering and Environment Integrity, Sustainable Use of Natural Bio-Resources, Social Innovations for Rural Development
Fees: Participation fee
Open Access: CC BY

SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) REGENERATION IN LATVIA: PATTERNS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS – A REVIEW

Alise Bleive — 2026-01-29

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most widespread and economically significant conifer species in Europe, playing a critical role in the structure and function of forest ecosystems, including those in Latvia. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the regeneration dynamics of Scots pine in Latvia, identifies key ecological and silvicultural challenges, and outlines prospects for its sustainable management in the context of ongoing environmental change. Artificial regeneration remains the dominant method in forests managed for timber in Baltic States. However, successful both artificial and natural regeneration is increasingly constrained by factors such as climate change, competition from broadleaved species, herbivory pressure, and evolving forest management practices.

Maintaining genetic diversity - especially within marginal and isolated populations – is critical for Scots pine future resilience. Climate change adds complexity by altering seed production, germination, and seedling establishment, while anthropogenic pressures, such as land-use changes and intensive forestry, further threaten regeneration success. Improving regeneration outcomes requires integrating ecological and economic objectives. Adaptive silvicultural strategies, including site-specific thinning, shelter wood systems, and mixed-species planting, can support conifer species natural regeneration and enhance forest resilience. Conservation of genetic resources and attention to non-market ecosystem services - such as biodiversity and carbon sequestration - are also essential.

Scots pine is expected to remain one of the dominant species in Latvian forestry. However, its successful regeneration will depend on a multifaceted approach involving continued research, long-term monitoring, and climate-adaptive practices to ensure its sustainable management under changing environmental conditions.

THE IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE WATER QUALITY OF THE BALTIC SEA

Laima Česonienė — 2026-01-29

The article examines the impact of water temperature on the quality indicators of the Baltic Sea, including nitrogen and phosphorus compounds as well as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₇). The relevance of the study is determined by climate change-induced warming of the Baltic Sea, which accelerates eutrophication processes and threatens ecosystem stability. The results revealed that rising water temperature significantly increased total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and intensified BOD₇ fluctuations, with 20 °C identified as the critical threshold for the most intensive chemical changes. These processes create favourable conditions for cyanobacterial blooms, accelerate eutrophication, and deteriorate the ecological status of the sea. The findings highlight that climate-driven water temperature rise is one of the key factors affecting the quality of Baltic Sea ecosystems.

PROTECTED LIVERWORT ODONTOSCHISMA DENUDATUM (MART.) DUMORT. COVER IS DEPENDENT ON MICROCLIMATE AND FOREST STAND AGE IN SOUTH-CENTRAL LATVIA CONIFEROUS FORESTS: CASE STUDY

Edgars Dubrovskis — 2026-01-29

Sustainable species conservation and forest management are increasingly topical under increasing demand for forest related products, hence detailed knowledge about protected species ecology for multipurpose forestry. Bryophytes, particularly liverworts are excellent indicators of forest quality and they are significant part of biodiversity. The aim of our study was to understand protected liverwort Odontoschisma denudatum ecology in relation to substrate and forest stand scale variables in coniferous forests in Latvia. We studied O. denudatum on 25 dead logs that varied in diameter, decay class, length, height above ground, microtopography, stand age and area. We found that O. denudatum cover is higher in medium decay class and in older forest stands. Hence, the observed relationships suggest that the liverwort species is rather tolerant to studied variables within the stands it is present, upscaling of the study is still needed. We recommend also future monitoring of O. denudatum populations to follow up the species dynamics.

LIVESTOCK MANURE MULCHING AND BACTERIAL INOCULATION AS ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE EARLY TREE ESTABLISHMENT ON SAND AND GRAVEL EXTRACTION SITES

Viktorija Vedina — 2026-01-29

Land reclamation following the extraction of mineral resources (e.g., peat, sand, and gravel) is essential to restore the ecological functions and economic value of disturbed areas. Soils at sand and gravel extraction sites are typically impoverished — exhibiting low organic matter content, poor water retention, and unfavourable structure. To improve the fertility of such soils and support the successful establishment of forest stands and other vegetation, soil amendments are required. Among the most effective methods is the use of organic fertilizers, which improve soil structure and nutrient availability. This study was carried out in a reclaimed sand and gravel mining site where several tree species – silver birch, black alder, Norway spruce and Scots pine, were planted, and three types of organic livestock manure – swine, cattle, poultry, commonly used in agriculture, were applied as mulching materials. In addition, . Results indicated that cattle fertilizer enhanced the growth of birch, while poultry fertilizer promoted pine growth. However, the most pronounced effects were observed with swine additive, which positively influenced birch, alder, and pine. Spruce showed no response to any of the fertilization treatments. Across species, the addition of Bacillus megaterium had limited or species-specific effects, enhancing growth only in a few fertilizer combinations. Seedling type, moreover, did not account for a substantial proportion of the variation in height increment across the studied species.

STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES OF BUILDING SPACE CLEANING PROCESSES

Iveta Amoliņa — 2026-01-29

The field of space cleaning is an important part of any country’s economy, as it provides jobs and promotes entrepreneurship. In today’s urbanized environment, building space cleaning has become an integral part of daily life and the work environment. A clean and tidy environment not only enhances the aesthetic impression but also significantly affects people’s health, work productivity, and overall comfort. Based on the problems affecting the field of space cleaning, it is relevant to study the aspects of organizations engaged in cleaning activities in order to attract cleaners and to ensure that those already employed do not leave their jobs but instead work in safe and healthy workplaces.

Nowadays, “smart” solutions are gaining increasing importance in the field of space cleaning, involving the use of digital technologies and automation. For example, smart monitoring systems, sensors that measure room occupancy, or robotic cleaning tools help organizations reduce costs and increase work efficiency.

At the same time, “start-up” initiatives also play a significant role, operating flexibly and adapting to changing needs, thus creating a dynamic environment for industry development.

The concept of “eco” or environmentally friendly cleaning, based on the sustainable use of resources, waste reduction, and minimizing the impact of chemicals, is also becoming increasingly important. By choosing ecological cleaning agents and water-saving technologies, it is possible to significantly improve employee health protection and reduce the negative impact on the environment. In the context of global climate change and sustainability, the principles of “Zero Carbon Village” are also being increasingly discussed, where the goal is to create inhabited areas with zero carbon emissions. In such settlements, special attention is also paid to cleaning processes—only sustainable materials, renewable energy, and circular economy principles are used to ensure that cleaning work does not leave an unnecessary ecological footprint.

The aim of this research is to analyze building space cleaning processes and their implementation strategies based on efficiency and quality, by examining theoretical aspects and conducting public surveys on the subject. Special attention will also be given to “smart” and “start-up” solutions, ecological aspects, and their alignment with the future Zero Carbon Village concept.

The research employs a combination of methodological approaches to explore future directions in the cleaning sector. A literature review provides a theoretical foundation by analyzing existing studies and concepts. A Sociological method, specifically a survey, is used to gather empirical data on public attitudes and awareness regarding innovations in the industry. The collected data is then examined using an analytical method, enabling the identification of key trends and correlations.

INNOVATIVE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT TOOLS TO ENSURE RURAL VITALITY THROUGH GENERATIONAL RENEWAL

Vilma Atkočiūnienė — 2026-01-29

Rural development strategies do not ensure generational change, the farming community is rapidly aging, rural governance is faced with inactive participation of residents, and the demographic structure of the village, population, public spaces, and social infrastructure are experiencing many changes that negatively affect the vitality of rural areas. The aging of rural population is characteristic of both developed and developing countries around the world. The aim of the study is to identify innovative public management measures for generational renewal in rural areas. The study used literature analysis, synthesis, comparison, case analysis and other traditional scientific research methods. Using the case study method, innovations that can help manage generational renewal in rural areas were identified: a multi-level approach, access to land, innovation in financing models, community solutions, digital transformation, practical experience, networking. Effective strategies for attracting and retaining younger generations in rural communities include four key areas: robust job opportunities and entrepreneurship support, community engagement and trust-building initiatives, hands-on educational and professional development programs, and quality-of-life enhancements such as work-life balance and affordable local amenities. The innovative public management tools to ensure rural vitality through generational renewal are not limited to political measures alone but require the creation of an entire system encompassing different levels: international, national, regional, community, family, individual.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EXPORT OF RAW MILK: THE CASE OF LITHUANIA

Erika Besusparienė — 2026-01-29

Dairy products, including raw milk, play an important role in Lithuania's total gross agricultural output. The statistical data showed that the export flows of raw milk (excluding milk powder) are not stable over the years. Different results were found for exports of milk powder, where export flows do not fluctuate, and the chosen trading partner ensures export stability. In contrast, exports of raw milk (excluding milk powder), where the trading partner changes annually, have to be analysed. Therefore, the present research aims to provide insight into the main factors influencing the flow of exported raw milk (excluding milk powder) in order to ensure more stable export flows in Lithuania. To achieve the aim and objectives, the analysis, systematisation and comparison of previous empirical research were made; the present empirical research was conducted using the gravity model and collected Lithuanian raw milk (HS0401) export data for 2014-2023 using Gretl software. The present empirical research results showed that the number of milk animals has a statistically significant and higher positive impact on the export flow of raw milk. This result differs from previous empirical research and gives insight that in order to ensure raw milk export, more attention must be paid to the number of milk animals in Lithuania. The highest and statistically significant negative impact was corruption, this gives insights that agricultural organisations need to analyse corruption factors when choosing trading partners, as this leads to a decrease in raw milk export.

CO-DESIGNING RURAL CYCLE LOGISTICS: DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A SERIOUS GAME AS A PARTICIPATORY WORKSHOP METHOD

Julian Bickmann — 2026-01-29

Public participation has long been both, a legal requirement and a standard practice, in public planning across Europe. It is, however, often perceived more as a burden than a meaningful process by both, policymakers and citizens, especially in terms of motivation. Serious Games have recently been introduced as a strategy to increase public engagement. However, developing such games typically requires months of work, making them unsuitable for many understaffed public administrations. This article investigates how a Serious Board Game can serve as a participatory research method to elicit local knowledge in rural planning. Based on the experience of developing a serious board game and using it in workshops across rural Germany, we will critically reflect the suitability of the approach for participatory planning in rural areas. To overcome the hurdle of developing a serious board game for a particular planning application, the article finally proposes a modular framework and accompanied game materials that can easily be adapted to various planning cases.

THEORETICAL APPROACH ON SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRICULTURE

Agnė Dapkuvienė — 2026-01-29

Agriculture faces the dual challenge of achieving higher productivity while preserving the ecosystems on which it depends. Traditionally, competitiveness has been understood in terms of short-term outcomes, with little attention given to environmental degradation or long-term resilience. This creates a gap in how competitiveness of agriculture is framed under increasing ecological pressures. The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical concept of sustainable competitiveness of agriculture by synthesizing insights from agricultural economics, sustainability science, and strategic management. The study contributes by (i) clarifying how sustainable competitiveness differs from related concepts such as green competitiveness and environmentally adjusted productivity, and (ii) identifying key determinants of sustainable competitiveness in agriculture using an adapted Porter’s Diamond Model. The presented determinants of sustainable competitiveness highlight the shift from short-term efficiency toward long-term resilience, where resource regeneration, sustainability-driven demand, supportive networks, strategic innovation, and policy alignment together define the ability of farms to remain competitive under ecological and socio-economic pressures. The study relies on a review and synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, institutional reports, and policy documents. This contribution provides a foundation for empirical research in the field of sustainable competitiveness of agriculture.

"GREEN" FINANCE AS THE MAIN SOURCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF UKRAINE

Nadiia Davydenko — 2026-01-29

The article provides a thorough analysis of the theoretical and practical foundations of the development of green finance, as well as substantiates the prospects for the introduction of effective financial instruments in the field of green economy in order to ensure the post-war recovery of Ukraine's economy. Attention is drawn to the fact that the process of restoring the country's economy after military operations requires a review of traditional development priorities. In particular, it is about the need to find balanced approaches that integrate economic, social and environmental interests, while ensuring the achievement of sustainable development of society. The authors considered the specifics of the use of financial mechanisms within the framework of the concept of "green financing" for the recovery of the economy. The focus is on instruments such as green investments, green bonds, grants, loans, loans and technical assistance. It is argued that the concept of sustainable financial development finds both theoretical and practical confirmation in modern academic discourse. The research uses a number of methodological approaches, including dialectical and historical methods (this research method is based on the study of the emergence, formation, and development of objects in chronological sequence), induction, deduction and systemic approach - to analyze the concept of "green finance" and its role in stimulating the development of the green economy. The purpose of the article: analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of the development of "green finance", identification of the main problems of "green financing" in the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and development of proposals on ways to overcome them through the introduction of effective financial instruments. Practical significance. Ways of further effective implementation of "green finance" tools in the conditions of the program of sustainable development of Ukraine and the post-war recovery of the country's economy are proposed.

BUILDING RESILIENT LOCAL FOOD SYSTEMS THROUGH COOPERATIVE ACTION: THE CASE OF CONVERGE – COOPERATIVA INTEGRAL DA COVA DA BEIRA

Anabela Dinis — 2026-01-29

Global food systems are increasingly strained by climate change, biodiversity loss and socio-economic instability, with rural regions disproportionately affected by depopulation and market vulnerability. In this context, cooperative and territorialised food initiatives are gaining relevance as pathways for resilience and sustainable biobusiness. This study aims to analyse how cooperative action can support the development of short food supply chains (SFSCs) and local food systems in rural contexts, using the case of Converge – Cooperativa Integral da Cova da Beira, a recently established integral cooperative in central Portugal.

Methodologically, the research adopts a qualitative case study design. The conceptual framework is grounded in cooperativism, social economy, integral cooperative models, food sovereignty, SFSCs, and sustainable logistics. The empirical component draws on document analysis (statutes, minutes, internal reports, project materials), participant observation conducted between 2022 and 2025, and internal operational data generated through the development of the Local Food System (SAL) initiative, including producer mapping, institutional demand estimates, and logistics planning.

Findings show that Converge is progressively transforming civic mobilisation into a structured organisational model capable of coordinating production, logistics, and participatory governance. Early outcomes indicate the feasibility of integrating small-scale producers into institutional markets through coordinated logistics, transparent pricing and municipal partnerships. However, the cooperative faces significant challenges related to scaling, cold-chain capacity, and route optimisation in a mountainous rural territory. The study contributes to debates on local food systems, grassroots innovation and sustainable territorial development by illustrating how integral cooperatives can function as laboratories for reterritorialising food production and strengthening regional resilience.

THE SPANISH COMBINED AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE SYSTEM AS A STRATEGIC TOOL FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF BLUEBERRY CULTIVATION: A FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CHANGE

Juan Jose García-Machado — 2026-01-29

Spain's blueberry sector, a strategic pillar of its agri-food economy, is highly vulnerable to escalating climate risks, making effective risk management imperative for its sustainability. This study provides a thorough financial and economic analysis of the Spanish Combined Agricultural Insurance System (SSAC), a well-established public-private partnership, and evaluates its effectiveness as a tool for stabilizing income and fostering resilience in this vital sector. Using a quantitative methodology, the study combines a descriptive and longitudinal analysis of a decade's worth of data (2016–2024) from official sources (ENESA, MAPA) on insured capital, premiums, subsidies, and indemnities. The analysis is structured on three levels: the aggregate system, the sectoral line for soft fruits, and a specific case study on the underwriting data for blueberries in Huelva, its main production hub. The results reveal a high insurance penetration rate, critically supported by public subsidies covering approximately 50% of the premium cost. The system demonstrates a robust capacity as a financial buffer, effectively mitigating income shocks from increasing claims. The analysis identifies Huelva's near-total hegemony in the national blueberry insurance market (concentrating >90% of the capital) and a strategic preference among its farmers for insurance modules that balance protection and cost. The study concludes that the SSAC is an indispensable strategic asset for the resilience of the Spanish blueberry sector. However, its long-term efficacy hinges on its ability to evolve dynamically. We recommend policy enhancements focused on greater product flexibility, integrating technology into loss assessment, and creating incentives for on-farm preventive measures. These adaptations are essential to align the insurance framework with the challenges posed by global change and to ensure the continued competitiveness of this vital rural industry.

THE ROLE OF FORMAL & INFORMAL FINANCING SOURCES IN ENHANCING DAIRY FARM ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY IN KOSOVO

Fjolla Gashi — 2026-01-29

Access to finance is crucial for improving dairy farm productivity in Kosovo, yet farmers face challenges in securing sustainable funding. This study analyzes the impact of formal (loans, subsidies, grants) and informal (non-bank loans, equity, remittances) financial sources on farm economic performance. Using limited primary data from 138 dairy farmers, located in six municipalities of Kosovo, the research applies descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis to examine financing effects on income, expenses and investments. The results show a new finding in the scientific literature that 97.8% of farmers use multiple funding sources, with subsidies and bank loans being the most common. However, subsidies boost income but lack long-term investment impact, while loans support investment but are hindered by high interest rates, strict conditions and high collateral requirements. To improve access and sustainability, the study recommends low-interest agricultural loans, state-backed guarantees, flexible repayment options, and investment-oriented subsidies. These measures aim to improve access to finance, reduce risk, and enhance the long-term sustainability of Kosovo’s dairy sector.

ASSESSING AGRICULTURAL EFFICIENCY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EU GREEN DEAL AND UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLAND AND ALBANIA

Aneta Jarosz-Angowska — 2026-01-29

The study aimed to assess agricultural efficiency in the context of the EU Green Deal and the UN Sustainable Development Goals in Poland (a full EU member) and Albania (an EU candidate country). An index method was used, referring to agricultural efficiency and its structural characteristics, as well as the degree of implementation of selected sustainable development goals in 2010–2022. The research revealed that Poland's labour productivity index in agriculture is significantly higher than Albania's, while Albania's land productivity index is higher. The countries also differed in terms of the structural characteristics of agriculture, as evidenced by the relatively high share of agriculture in Albania's total gross value added and total employment. It was shown that organic farming plays a much greater role in Poland, although its development trends are weak. At the same time, Polish agriculture is characterised by significantly higher levels of mineral fertilisation, which are trending downwards in line with the EU Green Deal's assumptions.. Based on the research conducted, a reduction in the emissions intensity of Albanian agriculture has been observed, which is consistent with the assumptions of UN SDG13. However, agriculture in Poland remains a significant emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs), so an essential direction for reform should be to support climate-friendly agriculture without compromising productivity. Although Albania has reduced malnutrition and improved food availability, the level of severe food insecurity remains higher than in Poland. Both countries must continue to reform agriculture in line with the EU Green Deal and SDG 2.

ANALYSIS OF EXPERT OPINIONS ON THE PROSPECTS FOR BIOREGION DEVELOPMENT IN LATVIA

Daniela Klavina — 2026-01-29

The аim of this study is to examine how the bioregion concept is perceived in Latvia and to identify the key benefits, challenges, and risks characterizing its implementation potential, based on interviews with local and international experts. A qualitative research approach was applied, using semi-structured interviews with three respondent groups: (1) local stakeholders - institutional partners and community activists of the Gauja National Park bioregion, Latvia, (2) international experts from countries with established bioregional practices, and (3) regional/municipal experts from potential Latvian bioregions, including municipalities, businesses, and agricultural stakeholders. The results show that the bioregion is perceived as a development model rooted in local resources and cooperation, integrating economic, ecological, and social dimensions. Respondents highlighted the potential of bioregions to strengthen local economies, foster community participation, and preserve landscape values. At the same time, significаnt challenges were identified, including the lack of clear political and legal frameworks, insufficient economic incentives for farmers, and coordination difficulties. International experience demonstrates that sustainable bioregion development requires state-level support, institutional structures, and broad community engagement. It is concluded that bioregions can become an important regional development instrument in Latvia if strategic support and governance mechanisms are established to connect local communities, municipalities, and entrepreneurs within a shared development framework.

ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN EXPENDITURE AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT

Raimonds Kupčs — 2026-01-29

Based on the results of the author`s previous research of the fundamental and main components of the education system, this study presents actual expenditure amounts by economic classification categories for a more detailed analysis of the relationship between total costs, costs per student and per school, the average number of students and the average number of schools, and the structure of costs in the system both as a whole and at the regional level. The paper compares two groups of municipalities with similar student numbers from a regional perspective: state-cities and municipalities from the rest of the country. This study aims to statistically analyze a large number of relevant 2800 records of real data and relevant legislation. We found that while per-student spending is lower in state-cities than in the other group, this advantage is quickly eroded by other factors such as inflation, significant reward and services expenditure position increase necessitating the use of other metrics (like average expenses per school) to analyse the situation more objectively. Moreover, analysis suggests that state-cities, despite its lower per student costs, need to review and revise their school expenditure, as overall expenditure has increased by 64.7% and its relation to the national average has significantly increased by 21.6 percentage points over the five-year period. The rest of Latvia`s municipalities managed to maintain total expenditure growth rates at only +27.3% and reduce the ratio of average expenditure per school to the national average by -8.5% percentage points over the same period. This study is a part of a continuous development of a resource management model in the education system, as a contribution for better governance of finance towards sustainability of education system.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR GENERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EU “GREEN DEAL”

Valentyna Kukharets — 2026-01-29

The article analysis the role of solar energy in achieving the EU’s strategic targets. Against the backdrop of the global task of tripling renewable energy capacity and doubling energy efficiency, disparities in the share of renewables between countries are revealed, which stimulates the search for new growth sources, including photovoltaics even in northern regions.

The aim of this work is to assess the projected potential for electricity production from PV in the EU as a whole and in Lithuania in particular, taking into account technological progress, decreasing system costs, the spread of energy communities, support for producers and consumers, as well as the deployment of corresponding storage systems.

The proposed methodology combines a review of information sources with scenario modeling of solar energy development (baseline, accelerated, and restrictive scenarios) and sensitivity analysis of key drivers: insolation, the dynamics of storage capacity growth, and the use of regulatory incentives.

The expected results show that, provided support programs are expanded, energy communities are developed, and storage systems are deployed together with photovoltaic systems, solar energy could make a substantial contribution to achieving the target of 45% renewables in total final energy consumption.

The practical value of this research lies in providing a reproducible framework scenario for Northern European countries and specific recommendations for Lithuania.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT: HOW AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IS CHANGING?

Laura Lukšytė — 2026-01-29

Changing human needs lead to a changing landscape and land use. Recent years have seen active urban sprawl, infrastructure development projects and intensive urban expansion. These processes have a direct impact on agricultural land, some of which is being taken out of active farming and converted to other uses. Changes in land use are reflected in the annual statistics on agricultural land and crop declarations, which show a decrease in the number of applications and the areas declared. The impact of urbanization is not only visible in urban areas, but also in rural areas, where, as residential areas expand, some rural areas are becoming increasingly urbanized, losing their traditional agricultural functions. The aim of this research is to analyze how agricultural land use is changing under the influence of urban development and to identify the main trends and consequences of these processes over the period 2015–2024. The study applies GIS-based spatial and statistical analysis using GIS software to explore the relationship between urban growth and the decline of agricultural areas.

RECONCILING ECOLOGY, LAW AND GOVERNANCE: SCENARIOS FOR BIOREGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Inga Megne — 2026-01-29

The legal regulation of bioregions is gaining growing relevance within the contemporary discourse on environmental, economic, and regional policy. In the face of climate change, resource scarcity, and increasing public environmental awareness, the question of how to ensure effective and adaptive territorial governance—capable of promoting both sustainability and regional development—has become particularly salient. This article offers a theoretically and conceptually grounded analysis of the principal dilemmas shaping the legal regulation of bioregions in Latvia and outlines potential future development trajectories. The study adopts two complementary methodological approaches: dilemma analysis and scenario modelling. First, it identifies and examines three structural dilemmas: (1) the trade-off between ecological protection and economic development, (2) the tension between centralized governance and local community autonomy, and (3) the challenge of reconciling legal rigidity with the need for flexibility in response to evolving ecological dynamics. These dilemmas are analysed within the context of Latvian and European Union legal frameworks, policy instruments, and governance practices, highlighting both theoretical contradictions and practical implementation challenges. Building upon these analytical axes, the second part of the article develops three future scenarios: a pessimistic scenario ("Stagnation and Conflicts"), a realistic scenario ("Cautious Progress"), and an optimistic scenario ("Sustainable Transformation"). Each scenario projects potential developments in the legal and institutional landscape through 2030, incorporating dimensions such as public participation, governance effectiveness, and environmental protection. The comparative assessment of the scenarios elucidates divergent pathways and identifies critical tipping points that may either facilitate or hinder the transition toward a more resilient and sustainable model of governance. The article concludes that the effectiveness of legal systems in bioregional governance is contingent upon their ability to address complex dilemmas in a dynamic, context-sensitive manner. Scenario analysis emerges as a valuable tool not only for diagnosing the current state but also for articulating and exploring alternative futures. The article provides governance implications, emphasizing the need to empower local initiatives, enhance legal adaptability, and embed principles of sustainable governance in order to establish a robust and resilient bioregional management system in Latvia.

INVESTMENTS IN LATVIA'S REGIONS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS

Jeļena Šaicāne — 2026-01-29

The role of public engagement is emphasized at the international, European Union, and national levels to promote sustainable development, including the search for new environmentally friendly and climate neutral growth models. Although the current system in Latvia provides for public participation at various levels, income inequality persists, affecting residents' willingness and ability to engage. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of economic development factors on public participation within Latvia's regions through an analysis of territorial economic indicators and technological accessibility, with the number of non-governmental organizations and voter turnout in parliamentary (Saeima) elections serving as primary indicators. This approach integrates quantitative measures to elucidate the complex relationship between socio-economic contexts and civic engagement, thereby contributing to a nuanced understanding of participation dynamics in regional development.

THE ROLE OF AGRIPRENEURSHIP ON FOOD SECURITY: MEDIATING ROLE OF INNOVATION

John Sumelius — 2026-01-29

The study is motivated by persistent challenges in food security in Tanzania, despite the increasing adoption of innovative practices within agricultural activities. The primary objective is to examine the contribution of agripreneurship to household food security in Tanzania, with innovation acting as a mediating factor. Specifically, the study: (i) assesses the level of agripreneurship among farming households; (ii) evaluates the extent to which agripreneurs employ innovative practices; and (iii) determines the status of household food security using multidimensional indicators. Based on a sample of 384 agripreneurs selected through Probability Proportion Sampling (PPS), the study undertakes key analytical tasks, including bivariate correlation analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, to explore the relationships among the study variables. The findings indicate a high prevalence of food insecurity in the study areas and reveal limited engagement in innovation among agripreneurs. Importantly, the results confirm that innovation mediates the relationship between agripreneurship and food security, challenging the assumption of a direct linear association. The study recommends that policymakers develop strategic initiatives to support agripreneurs in adopting innovation and establish a network of food innovation hubs to enhance collaboration and address regional agricultural needs effectively

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN LITHUANIA’S AND POLAND RURAL AREAS

Gintarė Vaznonienė — 2026-01-29

The article aims to identify the social and economic factors and their relationship with SWB from a gender perspective in Lithuania and Poland. The problem is that the gender aspect in SWB assessments in the countries studied is often omitted and studies are underrepresented. Furthermore, there is little and inconsistent research on women's SWB in rural areas, resulting in a serious lack of knowledge on this topic. It should be noted that previous studies on the well-being of residents of Poland and Lithuania reveal differences in various dimensions, where gender is identified as an important factor. European Social Survey (ESS) round 10 (2021) data were used to assess women's level of life satisfaction and happiness. There were used such methods as descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple linear regression. Multiple linear regression showed that women's age and health, despite the territorial area, remain the most important factors of women's SWB, satisfaction with life, and happiness both in Lithuania and Poland depend little on the selected socio-economic variables, so it is appropriate to consider other factors in future research.

CREATIVE PLACEMAKING IN CONNECTION WITH HERITAGE

Erika Zabulionė — 2026-01-29

This article presents creative place-making and discusses the significance of place in the place-making process. A place is understood as something beyond merely a physical spot on a map, which remains constant in both time and space; it is constantly questioned, recreated, and changed due to the processes of relationships that are vital to the potential and unlimited activities of people. The emphasis is on place-based and integrated development, using local resources, and the significance of a multi-party rural governance framework is highlighted, also analyzing place-making models, creative place-making, tourism, and their links to storytelling and heritage. The aim of this study is to conduct a theoretical analysis and present theoretical insights into creative place-making. In this research the method of analysis was used based on the researcher's personal reflections on the topic were used although it was mixed with the theoretical analysis. In this case, the authors discuss storytelling as a factor in sustainable place-making, adding to this the meaning and significance of heritage and its transformations in a localized area, which is seen as another resource of a place, city, or even an entire region.

THE INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDE APPLICATION TIME AND HARROWING ON WEEDINESS AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WINTER WHEAT

Darija Jodaugienė — 2026-01-29

A two-factor field experiment was conducted in 2023–2024 on the farm of farmer Algirdas Aukselis in Joniškis district. Experimental treatments: Factor A – herbicide application time: 1) not applied (N), 2) only in autumn (A), 3) only in spring (S), 4) in autumn and spring (A+S); and Factor B – crop harrowing: 1) not harrowed, and 2) harrowed (H). With dicotyledonous weeds prevailing in the winter wheat crop, the herbicide DIFLANIL 500 SC (0.2 L ha^-1, active ingredient diflufenican) was used for autumn spraying. In spring, a mixture of HERBISTAR 200 EC (0.6 L ha^-1, active ingredient fluroxypyr) and AXIAL 50 EC (0.6 L ha^-1, active ingredient pinoxaden) herbicides was sprayed. It was found that the time of herbicide application and harrowing had a significant impact on the weediness of the crop. When spraying with herbicides, weediness of winter wheat crops in autumn decreased by 52.7–66.6 % compared to unsprayed fields. Spring harrowing significantly (1.3–1.7 times) reduced the weediness of crops. During spring harrowing, the efficiency of herbicide spraying reached 45.0–47.5 %. When applying a combined weed control strategy – spraying with herbicides (S+A, and S) together with harrowing, a greater effect on total profit was found compared to herbicides used separately at different times. Harrowing of crops increased total profit from EUR 16.0 ha^-1 (in unsprayed fields) to EUR 228.0 ha^-1 (in fields sprayed in autumn and spring).

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ECHINACEA TO ONION THRIPS DAMAGE: A CASE STUDY IN VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY BOTANICAL GARDEN

Sonata Kazlauskaitė — 2026-01-29

Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) are increasingly recognized as economically significant pests of Echinacea species cultivated for ornamental and medicinal purposes. This study assessed the susceptibility of Echinacea accessions maintained at the Vytautas Magnus University Botanical Garden during the 2024-2025 growing seasons. A total of 108 accessions, including wild species and horticultural cultivars, were evaluated under open-field conditions using standardized morphological assessment and damage scoring methods. Results demonstrated substantial inter- and intra-specific variation in susceptibility to T. tabaci. The most resistant accessions across both seasons were Echinacea paradoxa and its derived cultivars, which exhibited ≤20% damage and retained high ornamental quality. In contrast, E. purpurea and many of its hybrids consistently belonged to the highly susceptible group (70-100% damage), showing extensive leaf deformation, discoloration, and reduced aesthetic value. Yearly climatic differences influenced pest intensity: warmer and drier conditions in 2024 coincided with more severe thrips damage, whereas cooler and wetter periods in 2025 corresponded with a larger proportion of resistant responses. Overall, the findings confirm that susceptibility to onion thrips in Echinacea is genotype-dependent and environmentally modulated. Resistant accessions, particularly those with E. paradoxa lineage, represent valuable material for breeding programs aimed at enhancing pest tolerance in ornamental and medicinal cultivation systems.

STRAWBERRY YIELD AND QUALITY RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT FERTILIZER FORMULATIONS

Sonata Kazlauskaitė — 2026-01-29

A field experiment was conducted in 2024 on a private farm located in the Kupiškis region to assess the effects of different fertilizer formulations on the growth, yield, and quality parameters of strawberries. The study involved a review of scientific literature, implementation of a field trial, evaluation of yield performance and fruit quality (based on Brix index), as well as an analysis of potential economic benefits. The experimental design compared two fertilizer formulations: NovaTec Solub, a stabilized nitrogen fertilizer incorporating the nitrification inhibitor DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate), and a conventional mineral fertilizer. The application of a nitrification inhibitor is known to reduce nitrogen leaching and improve nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that NovaTec Solub significantly increased the yield of the 'Asia' strawberry cultivar by 20.4% compared to the conventional treatment. Although the Brix index was slightly higher in strawberries treated with conventional fertilizer (14.08) compared to those fertilized with NovaTec Solub (13.85), the difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that stabilized nitrogen fertilizers are effective in enhancing strawberry productivity without negatively affecting fruit quality. Therefore, their use may offer agronomic and economic advantages in commercial berry production systems.

EFFECT OF OVERWINTERING ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF WINTER PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.)

Aušra Rudinskienė — 2025-12-30

Winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivation in Lithuania is still at an early stage compared to other European countries, yet climate change and increasing spring droughts highlight the need for alternatives to spring-sown crops. Winter peas are considered a promising option as they fix atmospheric nitrogen, reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers, and may improve crop rotation sustainability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sowing date and seed rate on the overwintering and growth of winter peas under Lithuanian agroclimatic conditions.

A two-factor field experiment was established at the Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy Experimental Station during 2024–2025. Three seed rates (90, 120, and 150 kg ha⁻¹) and four sowing dates (September 7, 14, 21, and 28) were tested in randomized blocks with four replications. Overwintering, plant height, branching, flowering, and pod formation were assessed, and data were statistically evaluated using ANOVA and correlation analysis.
Results showed that the highest seed rate (150 kg ha⁻¹) generally reduced overwintering success, especially in later sowings, while the lowest seed rate (90 kg ha⁻¹) ensured better survival. Plants sown on September 21 with 120 kg ha⁻¹ achieved favorable height and branching, while late sowings (September 28) resulted in the lowest plant height. Seed rate had limited influence on pod formation, but sowing date significantly affected flowering and branching intensity.
It was concluded that moderate seed rates combined with optimal sowing dates are crucial for winter pea adaptation in Lithuania, offering potential to improve crop rotation resilience and reduce fertilizer dependency.

INFLUENCE OF MICROELEMENTAL FERTILIZERS AND SOWING TIME ON WINTER WHEAT DEVELOPMENT AND GRAIN QUALITY

Ilona Vagusevičienė — 2026-01-29

Future challenges in agriculture are not limited to increasing crop productivity. Farmers are striving to take sustainability principles into account, ensuring increased yields without additional harmful effects on the environment. One of the main ways we can ensure sustainable agricultural development is to use advanced methods and technologies designed to improve crop quality and increase yields.

The field experiment was carried out in 2023–2024 at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy. The two-factor experiment included four different sowing dates: September 7, September 14, September 21, and September 28 (Factor A), and additional fertilization with microelemental fertilizers (Factor B). Before the experiment was installed, the topsoil had a neutral reaction (pH–7.1), medium humus content (2.05%), high phosphorus content (241 mg kg^-1), and potassium content (186 mg kg^-1). Crops sown at the earliest sowing dates (September 7 and 14) and additionally fertilized exhibited the highest concentrations of chlorophyll (230.50–226.13 µmol m^-2), nitrogen (10.09–9.68%), and the highest NDGI index values (0.692–0.688). Wheat sown on September 7 and 14 and additional fertilization with microelemental fertilizers showed significantly better grain quality parameters: protein content (12.3–12.2 %), gluten content (25.0–23.6 %), sedimentation values (42.6–44.7 ml), and hectolitre weight (71.7–71.2 kg hl^-1).

THE IMPACT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT LAND MANAGEMENT PROJECTS ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS: CASE STUDY OF THE NEMUNAS LOOPS REGIONAL PARK

Ingrida Ignatavičienė — 2026-01-29

Over the last few years, a lot of attention has been given to preserving natural and cultural heritage. In Lithuania, the amount of land designated as protected areas has grown significantly. A major challenge is learning to live in harmony with nature meeting the needs of society without causing harm. It's crucial to strike a balance between preserving valuable landscapes, biodiversity, and both natural and cultural heritage, and allowing for urban development, economic activities, and other human impacts.

Spatial planning documents aim to create a harmonious relationship between the natural and human-made environments. The aim of research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Rural Development Land Management Projects, prepared between 2012 and 2024, and their impact on sustainable development within the Nemunas Loops Regional Park. This park spans the municipalities of Alytus district, Birštonas and Prienai district. Also, the analysis of issued planning permits in the park territory, based on Management Plan, is made.

The research shows that both the Rural Development Land Management Projects and issued planning permits within the protected area align with the park’s Management Plan. This plan effectively balances human activity by regulating urban development, particularly in sensitive protected zones. By examining issued planning permits from the municipalities of Alytus district, Birštonas and Prienai district, we found that new urban development within the Nemunas Loops Regional Park is guided by the Management Plan. The plan's regulations are key instrument to control urban development in the area

IMPACT OF URBAN EXPANSION ON WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN RURAL REGIONS OF LITHUANIA

Arvydas Kanapickas — 2026-01-29

Wind energy is one of the main renewable sources in Lithuania. Rural regions are suitable for wind farms due to open landscapes, good wind conditions and low settlement density. Previous research focused on climate change, but the effect of urbanisation was rarely analysed. This study evaluates how different urban growth rates change wind characteristics and electricity generation. The analysis used wind speed observations from 22 meteorological stations (1990–2020). These data were combined with projections from seven global circulation models under three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios: RCP2.6 (minimal emissions), RCP4.5 (medium emissions, current policies trajectory), RCP8.5 (high emissions). Urbanisation was represented by three growth rates: slow (200 years), moderate (100 years) and fast (50 years). They correspond to increasing surface roughness and turbulence. Wind speeds were calculated for hub heights of 100 m and 150 m. Two turbine types were considered: Enercon E-112 and E-126. Energy yield was estimated for a 25-year turbine lifetime. The results show that climate change has only a small impact. Wind speed decreases by less than 8%, and electricity generation declines only slightly. Urbanisation has a much stronger effect. Energy yield falls by 28–32% under slow expansion, by 39–45% under moderate expansion, and by more than 50% under fast growth. Coastal regions remain the most productive, but inland areas are more vulnerable. Higher turbines increase output, but they cannot compensate for roughness. Assessments that ignore urbanisation tend to overestimate long-term wind energy potential. Including land-use change gives more realistic information for rural development, energy planning and spatial policy in Lithuania.

USING PIEZOELECTRIC IMPACT SENSORS FOR SEED DETECTION IN PRECISION PLANTERS

Davut Karayel — 2026-01-29

Accurate seed placement plays a crucial role in crop establishment and yield potential in precision agriculture. Real-time seed detection allows for monitoring planter performance, identifying missed or multiple seed drops, and optimizing in-field operations. Conventional sensing technologies, such as optical and photoelectric systems, can provide high accuracy but are often affected by environmental conditions, expensive, and mechanically complex. Piezoelectric impact sensors, which convert mechanical shocks from seed impacts into electrical signals, offer a low-cost, durable, and sensitive alternative suitable for harsh farming environments. This review discusses the principles, benefits, and limitations of piezoelectric impact sensors for monitoring and controlling seed flow in precision planters, rather than directly improving the planter’s metering accuracy. It emphasizes how impact plate materials and signal processing algorithms influence detection accuracy. Recent research shows that choosing proper materials—like fiberglass for consistent signal quality—and using advanced peak detection algorithms, especially adaptive thresholding methods like VTPD-AM, can achieve detection accuracies over 97% for crops such as corn and sunflower. The review also highlights recent developments in flexible and multilayer piezoelectric materials, including PVDF and hybrid composites, which increase integration options in modern planters. Collectively, these findings—based on previous studies and experimental data—support the potential of piezoelectric impact sensors as a scalable solution for real-time seed flow monitoring and control, helping to bridge the gap between laboratory tests and field deployment in precision planting systems.

BIOCOATINGS AS A STRATEGY FOR MITIGATING AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM MANURE: INFLUENCE OF APPLICATION PRACTICES

Ieva Knoknerienė — 2026-01-29

The application of organic coatings (straw, peat, hemp chaff, sawdust) in liquid manure and slurry management is a promising means of reducing NH₃ emissions, related to nutrient conservation and soil quality. A two-chamber experiment was performed at the VMU-AA Thermoenergetic Processes and Emissions Laboratory: 15 L of homogenised cattle manure was stored under identical conditions with and without coatings, systematically increasing the coating thickness. NH₃ concentration was measured with a laser analyser, emissions were calculated using the mass flow method; statistical significance was assessed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD (p < 0.05). Emission reduction efficiency increases with cover thickness; hemp chips or sawdust at ~10 cm is a reliable and economical compromise; peat (≥3–5 cm) almost eliminates emissions, but raises sustainability issues; straw is an intermediate, more volatile solution. The decrease in efficiency is explained by processes controlled by porosity and capillary transport.

ASSESSMENT OF RECLAIMED AGRICULTURAL LAND IN LITHUANIA

Jolanta Valčiukienė — 2026-01-29

Land reclamation is the improvement of unfavorable natural conditions of used land for human needs, aiming to enhance agricultural crop growing conditions and increase soil fertility. In this regard, Lithuania is unique, as no other country in the world has such a relatively large proportion of reclaimed land—47% of the country or 87% of agricultural land area - drained by drainage systems. Drainage and other reclamation structures have been serving agriculture for almost 50 years, but today their level of depreciation in some areas of Lithuania exceed 73%. For this reason, farmers continuously face various challenges, making investments in the reclamation system essential. To reconstruct and maintain reclamation engineering structures, it is proposed to establish a reclamation fund in Lithuania. However, before assessing the need for reclamation system reconstruction, it is crucial to have accurate information and evaluate the current state of reclamation systems. Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyze the condition of reclaimed agricultural land and reclamation structures in Lithuania. The analysis of reclaimed land conditions was conducted using the Spatial Dataset of Land Drainage Condition and Waterlogging in the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania at a scale of 1:10,000 (Mel_DR10LT). The obtained results suggest that areas with decommissioned or poor-condition reclaimed land in Lithuania likely exceed 6,000 hectares. However, a fundamental problem is that some municipalities do not account for or report any data on the condition of reclaimed land in their regions, which distorts the real assessment of the state of reclaimed land and reclamation structures. Therefore, to ensure effective accounting and rational use of reclaimed land, solutions must be found to address these accounting issues.